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	<title>Mastering Electronics Design&#187; Electronic Circuits Examples</title>
	<atom:link href="http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/category/electronic-circuits-examples/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com</link>
	<description>Electronics Design and Modeling with Emphasis on Analog Design</description>
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		<title>Measure a Bipolar Signal with an Arduino Board</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-bipolar-signal-with-an-arduino-board/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-bipolar-signal-with-an-arduino-board/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Aug 2011 00:28:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mixed-Signal Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Summing Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[analog to digital converters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arduino]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LSB]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[summing amplifier formula]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/?p=1861</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Arduino is a popular family of open source microcontroller boards.  Hobbyists, students and engineers all over the world use this platform to quickly design and prototype a microcontroller driven circuit.  One of its interfaces with the analog world is the ADC.  Since these boards are mostly designed around an ATMEL ATmega32 or ATmega168 microcontroller, the ADC has 8 inputs and 10-bit resolution, making it suitable for many applications. 


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-wheatstone-bridge-sensor-signal-with-an-adc/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Measure a Wheatstone Bridge Sensor Signal with an ADC'>Measure a Wheatstone Bridge Sensor Signal with an ADC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-bipolar-to-unipolar-converter/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-bipolar-signal-with-an-arduino-board/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Measure a Wheatstone Bridge Sensor Signal with an ADC</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-wheatstone-bridge-sensor-signal-with-an-adc/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-wheatstone-bridge-sensor-signal-with-an-adc/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Jul 2011 20:45:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mixed-Signal Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[analog to digital converters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arduino]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[transfer function]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/?p=1839</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I received a message from one of my readers asking me to help with a Wheatstone bridge circuit.  Since my response to him bounced back, and this being an interesting subject, I decided to write this article. Here is what he writes:


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-bipolar-signal-with-an-arduino-board/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Measure a Bipolar Signal with an Arduino Board'>Measure a Bipolar Signal with an Arduino Board</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/the-transfer-function-of-an-amplifier-with-a-bridge-in-the-negative-feedback/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: The Transfer Function of an Amplifier with a Bridge in the Negative Feedback'>The Transfer Function of an Amplifier with a Bridge in the Negative Feedback</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/an-adc-and-dac-least-significant-bit-lsb/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: An ADC and DAC Least Significant Bit (LSB)'>An ADC and DAC Least Significant Bit (LSB)</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/measure-a-wheatstone-bridge-sensor-signal-with-an-adc/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Apply Thevenin&#8217;s Theorem to Solve a Negative Resistance Circuit, or Current Source</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/apply-thevenins-theorem-to-solve-a-negative-resistance-circuit/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/apply-thevenins-theorem-to-solve-a-negative-resistance-circuit/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:48:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Operational Amplifier Formulas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thevenin's Theorem]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[current source]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[negative resistance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp (opamp) formulas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/?p=1773</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The circuit in Figure 1 is a good example of applying Thevenin’s Theorem to solve a circuit with dependent supplies.  It is a negative resistance circuit and it was posted in this forum with a call for solution verification for IL as a function of Vin.  Since this fits very well with my plans to write more about Thevenin’s Theorem, I decided to post the solution here. 


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-apply-nortons-theorem-solving-circuits-with-independent-sources/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: How to Apply Norton’s Theorem. Solving Circuits with Independent Sources'>How to Apply Norton’s Theorem. Solving Circuits with Independent Sources</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/the-non-inverting-amplifier-output-resistance/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: The Non-Inverting Amplifier Output Resistance'>The Non-Inverting Amplifier Output Resistance</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-design-a-circuit-from-its-transfer-function-graph/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: How to Design a Circuit from its Transfer Function Graph'>How to Design a Circuit from its Transfer Function Graph</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/apply-thevenins-theorem-to-solve-a-negative-resistance-circuit/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Using the Summing Amplifier as an Average Amplifier</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/using-the-summing-amplifier-as-an-average-amplifier/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/using-the-summing-amplifier-as-an-average-amplifier/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Jul 2010 00:28:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Summing Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Waveforms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp (opamp) formulas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[summing amplifier examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[summing amplifier formula]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[waveform]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=1539</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The summing amplifier can output the average of two, three or more signals. This is different than a signal average. The summing amplifier cannot, for example, output the average of a triangle signal. For that, you need an integrator to perform the average in the analog realm, or you need to sample the signal and calculate the average with a microcontroller. This type of average is the signal average in the time domain. I will write an article about the average of a signal in a near future.


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/the-transfer-function-of-the-summing-amplifier-with-n-input-signals/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: The Transfer Function of the Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier with “N” Input Signals'>The Transfer Function of the Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier with “N” Input Signals</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-derive-the-transfer-function-of-the-inverting-summing-amplifier/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: How to Derive the Transfer Function of the  Inverting Summing Amplifier'>How to Derive the Transfer Function of the  Inverting Summing Amplifier</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/using-the-summing-amplifier-as-an-average-amplifier/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>How to Design a Circuit from its Transfer Function Graph</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-design-a-circuit-from-its-transfer-function-graph/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-design-a-circuit-from-its-transfer-function-graph/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 21 Feb 2010 02:53:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Differential Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[differential amplifier formula]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[transfer function]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=1297</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sometimes all we know about a circuit is its transfer function graph.  The transfer function might look like the one in Figure 1.  How can we design a circuit so that its input-output behavior will match the graph?


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/the-differential-amplifier-transfer-function/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: How to Derive the Differential Amplifier Transfer Function'>How to Derive the Differential Amplifier Transfer Function</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-derive-the-summing-amplifier-transfer-function/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: How to Derive the Summing Amplifier Transfer Function'>How to Derive the Summing Amplifier Transfer Function</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-derive-the-instrumentation-amplifier-transfer-function/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: How to Derive the Instrumentation Amplifier Transfer Function'>How to Derive the Instrumentation Amplifier Transfer Function</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/how-to-design-a-circuit-from-its-transfer-function-graph/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Jan 2010 05:08:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Summing Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[converter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[non-inverting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[summing amplifier examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unipolar]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=1239</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Since the publication of Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC, several readers contacted me with requests to help in solving their particular converter. The common problem they had was the fact that the components’ calculation resulted in a negative value for at least one resistor.

To provide a solution, first we need to understand the root cause of the problem. Let’s take one of the circuits I received and analyze it.

The reader wrote that he would like to drive an ADC with the input range of 0 to 2.5V from a signal with the range of –5V to +5V, connected at V1.


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-unipolar-to-bipolar-converter-for-a-unipolar-voltage-output-dac/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC'>Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-bipolar-to-unipolar-converter/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/bipolar-to-unipolar-converter-examples/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Bipolar to Unipolar Converters Based on a Summing Amplifier Configuration'>Bipolar to Unipolar Converters Based on a Summing Amplifier Configuration</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Bipolar to Unipolar Converters Based on a Summing Amplifier Configuration</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/bipolar-to-unipolar-converter-examples/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/bipolar-to-unipolar-converter-examples/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Dec 2009 06:49:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Summing Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[converter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[summing amplifier examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unipolar]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=1044</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In a previous article I presented a method for designing a bipolar to unipolar converter using a summing amplifier.  In this article I am going to show more examples of bipolar to unipolar converters which are based on a summing amplifier configuration.  You can adapt them to your needs if you use the method I described in the previous article.


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-unipolar-to-bipolar-converter-for-a-unipolar-voltage-output-dac/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC'>Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-bipolar-to-unipolar-converter/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/bipolar-to-unipolar-converter-examples/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Design a Differential Amplifier the Easy Way with Mathcad</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-differential-amplifier-the-easy-way-with-mathcad/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-differential-amplifier-the-easy-way-with-mathcad/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 07:47:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Differential Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[converter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unipolar]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=964</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[For those of you who have Mathcad, designing a differential amplifier is really easy.

Let’s say you need to design a unipolar to bipolar converter and you decide to use a differential amplifier for this task. You know the input and output voltage range and you need to calculate the resistors based on a voltage reference you have in the system. All you have to do is to create a Mathcad file for a quick response. Then store it some place for future designs.


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-unipolar-to-bipolar-converter-for-a-unipolar-voltage-output-dac/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC'>Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/differential-amplifier-calculator-2/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Differential Amplifier Calculator'>Differential Amplifier Calculator</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-differential-amplifier-the-easy-way-with-mathcad/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Design a Unipolar to Bipolar Converter for a Unipolar Voltage Output DAC</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-unipolar-to-bipolar-converter-for-a-unipolar-voltage-output-dac/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-unipolar-to-bipolar-converter-for-a-unipolar-voltage-output-dac/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 05:03:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Differential Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mixed-Signal Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[converter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DAC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[digital to analog converters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unipolar]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=944</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Unipolar to bipolar converters are useful when we have to have a unipolar component to do a certain job in a mixed signal design environment.  For example, Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) may have the output voltage range 0 to 2.5 V, or 0 to 5 V, while the design asks for a range of –5 V to +5 V.  To comply with this requirement, we have to design a unipolar to bipolar converter which will be inserted between the DAC output and the following bipolar stage.


Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-bipolar-unipolar-converter-with-3-input-summ-amplifier/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter with a 3-input Summing Amplifier</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-bipolar-to-unipolar-converter/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC'>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC</a></li><li><a href='http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/differential-amplifier-output-common-mode-voltage-calculator/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: Differential Amplifier Output Common-Mode Voltage Calculator'>Differential Amplifier Output Common-Mode Voltage Calculator</a></li></ol>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-unipolar-to-bipolar-converter-for-a-unipolar-voltage-output-dac/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Design a Bipolar to Unipolar Converter to Drive an ADC</title>
		<link>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-bipolar-to-unipolar-converter/</link>
		<comments>http://MasteringElectronicsDesign.com/design-a-bipolar-to-unipolar-converter/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 06:50:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adrian S. Nastase</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Analog Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Electronic Circuits Examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mixed-Signal Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Summing Amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[analog to digital converters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational amplifier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[summing amplifier examples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unipolar]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/?p=908</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Most ADCs have a unipolar input range that can be a problem when designing bipolar circuits.  Some common ADC input voltage ranges are 0 to 2.5 V, or 0 to 5 V.  However, the analog circuit that drives the ADC can have voltage swings of, –1 V to +1 V, –2 V to +2 V , –5 V to +5 V, and so on.  Bringing the ADC input below ground is a big No-No, because the current from input will flow through the chip substrate creating irreversible changes in the ADC and damage it.  So, how do we connect a bipolar front end circuit with a unipolar ADC?  Enters the bipolar to unipolar converter.  Let’s design one.


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