Thevenin’s Theorem

What are Nested Thevenin Sources?  I came up with this name recently, while talking to an engineer about a design problem.  I just said it, and I liked it.  I then went and searched on Internet to see if anybody else used the term Nested Thevenin Sources before.  I did not find it so, here it is.  Let’s talk about it.

I borrowed the term from “nested loops” in the programming world.  The main idea is that you can use a method to accomplish a task inside another method of the same kind, hence the word nested.  As we saw in How to Apply Thevenin’s Theorem – Part 1, Thevenin’s Theorem is widely used to simplify the solving of a complex circuit.

With the Nested Thevenin Sources Method you first start to apply this theorem on a complex circuit.  The circuit is simplified, but it is still too complex to solve with loop and node equations.  Because of that, you apply the theorem again, and you simplify the circuit even more, and so on.  At some point, the circuit simplifies so much that, with just a glance, you can tell what is the Thevenin voltage and resistance.

After you find the most inner source Thevenin voltage and resistance, you make your way back and find the currents and voltages up to the highest Thevenin source in the rank.

Let’s apply this method on the same circuit I used in Part 1 of this series.  The circuit is given in Figure 1.  The design asks to find all the currents in the circuit branches.  We will choose the same branch as in the previous article, R2 and V2.  Being a circuit with independent sources, we can choose any other branch.  For a circuit with dependent sources things are different, but we will talk about this in a future article.

Figure 1

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Thevenin’s Theorem makes it easy to study complex networks by simplifying the circuit to be studied.  It states that networks with voltage and current sources, as well as resistors are electrically equivalent to one single voltage source and one single resistor in series with the source.  The theorem is valid for AC circuits, where instead of resistors there may be reactive components.

Many people have problems applying this theorem.  In these series of articles I will demonstrate how simple this theorem is and how useful.

This article describes how to apply Thevenin’s Theorem for a circuit with independent sources.  An independent source is a source which does not depend on an external variable.  For example, the battery you buy from a store is an independent source.  It is build to source a certain voltage and will do that as long as it’s chemical process lasts.  Dependent sources are like those used to model transistors.  They are very useful to study the behavior of electronic circuits and components and have to be treated differently by Thevenin’s Theorem.  Read Derive the Transfer Function of the Common Collector Amplifier with Thevenin’s Theorem for a method for solving electrical circuits with dependent sources.

The circuit in Figure 1 has independent sources.  This circuit is composed of a mixture of sources, both voltage and current, to make it more challenging.  When solving this circuit, we need to use a method to find one, two or all currents flowing through the circuit branches.  A brute force approach is to write equations based on Kirchhoff’s circuit laws.  Doing so would require 5 equations, 3 loop equations and 2 node equations for 5 unknowns: I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5.

Figure 1

Here comes into play Thevenin’s Theorem.  Let’s choose one branch, say the current through R2.  For this, let’s redraw the schematic as in Figure 2.

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